[hang nadim] Republic of India

Motto: "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit)
सत्यमेव जयते (Devanāgarī)
"Truth Alone Triumphs"[1]
Anthem: Jana Gana Mana
Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people[2]

National Song[4]
Vande Mataram
I bow to thee, Mother[3]

Area controlled by India in dark green;
Claimed but uncontrolled territories in light green.
Capital New Delhi
28°36.8′N 77°12.5′E / 28.6133°N 77.2083°E / 28.6133; 77.2083
Largest city Mumbai
Official language(s) Hindi, English[show]
Hindi in the Devanagari script is the official language of the Union[5] and English the "subsidiary official language".[6]
Recognised regional languages 8th Schedule:[show]
Assamese
Bengali
Bodo
Dogri
Gujarati
Hindi
Kannada
Kashmiri
Konkani
Maithili
Malayalam
Manipuri
Marathi
Nepali
Oriya
Punjabi
Sanskrit
Santali
Sindhi
Tamil
Telugu
Urdu[7]
National languages None defined by the
constitution.[8]
Demonym Indian
Government Federal republic,
Parliamentary democracy[9]
- President Pratibha Patil
- Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
- Chief Justice K. G. Balakrishnan
Legislature Sansad
- Upper House Rajya Sabha
- Lower House Lok Sabha
Independence from the United Kingdom
- Declared 15 August 1947
- Republic 26 January 1950
Area
- Total 3,287,240 km2 ‡(7th)
1,269,210 sq mi
- Water (%) 9.56
Population
- 2010 estimate 1,177,339,000[10] (2nd)
- 2001 census 1,028,610,328[11]
- Density 358.2/km2 (32nd)
927.6/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2009 estimate
- Total $3.298 trillion[12] (4th)
- Per capita $2,930[12] (130th)
GDP (nominal) 2009 estimate
- Total $1.242 trillion[12] (12th)
- Per capita $1,017[12] (143rd)
Gini (2004) 36.8[13]
HDI (2007) 0.612[14] (medium) (134th)
Currency Indian rupee (₨) (INR)
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
- Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+5:30)
Drives on the left
Internet TLD .in
Calling code 91
Non-numbered Footnotes:[show]
* Bharat Ganarajya, that is, the Republic of India in Hindi,[9] written in the Devanāgarī script. See also other official names
‡ This is the figure as per the United Nations though the Indian government lists the total area as 3,287,260 square kilometres.[15]
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: भारत गणराज्य Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east, India has a coastline of 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi).[16] It is bordered by Pakistan to the west;[17] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka, and the Maldives in the Indian Ocean.

Home to the Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history.[18] Four major religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated here, while Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam arrived in the first millennium CE and shaped the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by the British East India Company from the early eighteenth century and colonised by the United Kingdom from the mid-nineteenth century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by widespread non-violent resistance.[19]

India is a republic consisting of 28 states and seven union territories with a parliamentary system of democracy. It has the world's twelfth largest economy at market exchange rates and the fourth largest in purchasing power. Economic reforms since 1991 have transformed it into one of the fastest growing economies;[20] however, it still suffers from poverty,[21] illiteracy, disease, and malnutrition. A pluralistic, multilingual, and multiethnic society, India is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.

Administrative divisions
Main article: Administrative divisions of India
India consists of 28 states and seven Union Territories.[58] All states, and the two union territories of Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi, have elected legislatures and governments patterned on the Westminster model. The other five union territories are directly ruled by the Centre through appointed administrators. In 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act, states were formed on a linguistic basis.[59] Since then, this structure has remained largely unchanged. Each state or union territory is further divided into administrative districts.[60] The districts in turn are further divided into tehsils and eventually into villages.


Administrative divisions of India, including 28 states and 7 union territories.States:

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal

Union Territories:

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Chandigarh
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Daman and Diu
Lakshadweep
National Capital Territory of Delhi
Puducherry



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Taj Mahal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Taj Mahal (disambiguation).

The mausoleum of the Taj MahalThe Taj Mahal (pronounced /taːdʑ mɛɦɛl/; Hindi: ताज महल; Persian/Urdu: تاج محل) is a mausoleum located in Agra, India, built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal.

The Taj Mahal (also "the Taj") is considered the finest example of Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Persian, Indian, and Islamic architectural styles.[1][2] In 1983, the Taj Mahal became a UNESCO World Heritage Site and was cited as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage."

While the white domed marble mausoleum is its most familiar component, the Taj Mahal is actually an integrated complex of structures. Building began around 1632 and was completed around 1653, and employed thousands of artisans and craftsmen.[3] The construction of the Taj Mahal was entrusted to a board of architects under imperial supervision including Abd ul-Karim Ma'mur Khan, Makramat Khan, and Ustad Ahmad Lahauri.[4][5] Lahauri is generally considered to be the principal designer.[6]

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IPTA pertama buka cawangan di luar negara
KOTA BHARU: Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) mencipta sejarah menjadi institusi pengajian tinggi awam (IPTA) tempatan pertama mengembangkan sayapnya ke luar negara dengan membuka kampus cawangannya di India.

Kampus pertamanya di luar negara itu akan ditempatkan di Jawaharlal Nehru Medical University di Belgaum, Karnataka, dan menawarkan pengajian perubatan dengan pengambilan kumpulan pertama seramai 100 pelajar, Julai depan.

Naib Canselor USM, Prof Tan Sri Dr Dzulkifli Abd Razak, berkata buat permulaan keutamaan akan diberi kepada pelajar Malaysia sebelum dibuka kepada penuntut antarabangsa. "USM menerima pelawaan untuk membuka kampus cawangan di India, baru-baru ini dan bersetuju mengembangkan operasinya. Kampus India ini akan menggunakan sepenuhnya kurikulum bersepadu USM.

"Prasarana dan kemudahan lain termasuk asrama dan peralatan makmal akan disediakan Jawaharlal Nehru Medical University.

"Program pengajian perubatan di USM India dijangka akan mengambil masa lima tahun dengan keseluruhan yuran pengajian dijangka kira-kira RM350,000 (US$100,000)," katanya.

Beliau berkata demikian pada sidang media selepas majlis penyampaian Sijil MS ISO 9001:2008 kepada Pengarah Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) Kubang Kerian, Dr Zaidon Kamari dan Pengarah Kampus Kesihatan USM, Prof Datuk Mafauzy Mohamed.

Pada majlis sama, Dzulkifli turut menyampaikan anugerah kepada pemenang pertandingan Konvensyen Kualiti dan Inovasi (KIK), membabitkan 10 kategori antaranya asrama pelajar, laman web dan Makmal Diagnostik dan Analitik.

USM yang mencipta sejarah menjadi universiti awam pertama dipilih sebagai Universiti Apex pada September 2008, mensasarkan untuk disenaraikan dalam 100 universiti terbaik dunia dalam tempoh lima tahun dan 50 terbaik menjelang 2020.

Dr Dzulkifli berkata, bagi menjayakan usaha itu, USM juga akan melatih beberapa pegawai dari universiti ini di sini untuk menjadi tenaga pengajar di kampus cawangan India.

"Usaha ini adalah untuk merealisasikan USM sebagai Universiti Apex sepenuhnya menjelang 2013 dan sekiranya berjaya, ia merancang mengembangkan sayapnya ke beberapa negara lain seperti Timur Tengah," katanya.

Dalam pada itu, Dr Dzulkifli berkata, USM akan membuka satu lagi kampus cawangan di Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, tahun depan bagi menampung jumlah pelajarnya yang kini berjumlah kira-kira 30,000, di empat kampusnya sekarang.

"Daripada jumlah itu, kira-kira 20,000 pelajar adalah prasiswazah, manakala 10,000 lagi pelajar pasca siswazah. Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi meminta ditambah bilangan pelajar prasiswazah kepada 30,000 dan untuk itu USM memerlukan kampus baru," katanya.