[hang nadim] Portugal

Malacca 1630s. from the "Livro das Plantas das Fortalezas, Cidades e Povoaçoes do Estado da India Oriental" 1600s.





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This article is about the country. For other uses, see Portugal (disambiguation).
Portuguese Republic
República Portuguesa (Portuguese)

Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: "A Portuguesa"

Location of Portugal (green) – on the European continent (light green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (light green) — [Legend]

Capital
(and largest city) Lisbon
38°46′N 9°9′W / 38.767°N 9.15°W / 38.767; -9.15
Official language(s) Portuguese
Recognised regional languages Mirandese1
Ethnic groups 96.87% Portuguese and 3.13% legal immigrants (Cape Verdeans, Brazilians, Ukrainians, Angolans, etc.) (2007)[1]
Demonym Portuguese
Government Parliamentary republic
- President Aníbal Cavaco Silva (PSD)
- Prime Minister José Sócrates (PS)
- Assembly President Jaime Gama (PS)
Formation Conventional date for Independence is 1139
- Founding 868
- Re-founding 1095
- De facto sovereignty 24 June 1128
- Kingdom 25 July 1139
- Recognized 5 October 1143
- Papal Recognition 23 May 1179
- Restoration of independence 1 December 1640
- Restoration of independence recognized 13 February 1668
- Republic 5 October 1910
EU accession 1 January 1986
Area
- Total 92,090 km2 (110th)
35,645 sq mi
- Water (%) 0.5
Population
- July 2009 estimate 10,707,924 (77th)
- 2001 census 10,355,824
- Density 114/km2 (87th)
295/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2008 estimate
- Total $236.049 billion[2] (46th)
- Per capita $22,232[2] (39th)
GDP (nominal) 2008 estimate
- Total $244.640 billion[2] (37th)
- Per capita $23,041[2] (32nd)
HDI (2007) ▲ 0.909 (very high) (34th)
Currency Euro (€)² (EUR)
Time zone WET³ (UTC0)
- Summer (DST) WEST (UTC+1)
Date formats dd-mm-yyyy, yyyy-mm-dd, yyyy/mm/dd (CE)
Drives on the right (since 1928)
Internet TLD .pt4
Calling code 351
1 Mirandese, spoken in some villages of the municipality of Miranda do Douro, was officially recognized in 1999 (Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro), since then awarding an official right-of-use Mirandese to the linguistic minority it is concerned.[3] The Portuguese Sign Language is also recognized.
2 Before 1999: Portuguese escudo.
3 Azores: UTC-1; UTC in summer.
4 The .eu domain is also used as it is shared with other European Union member states.
Portugal /ˈpɔrtjəɡəl/ (help·info), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa),[4] is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.

The land within the borders of today's Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times. Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici, Cynetes, Phoenicians, Carthaginians Romans and many Germanic tribes such as the Suevi, the Buri and the Visigoths, all left their influence on what is today Portuguese territory. The territory was integrated in the Roman Empire as the province of Lusitania and Roman settlers strongly influenced Portuguese culture, particularly the Portuguese language, mostly derived from Latin. In the 5th century, after the fall of the Roman empire, it was occupied by different Germanic tribes. In the early 8th century the Muslim Moors conquered the Christian Germanic kingdoms, occupying most of the Iberian Peninsula. Later, during the Christian Reconquista (Reconquering), the County of Portugal was settled, as part of the Kingdom of Galicia. Portugal emerged during the 12th century from this brief earldom and would establish almost its entire modern-day borders in 1249.

During the 15th and 16th centuries, with a global empire that included possessions in Africa, Asia and South America, Portugal was one of the world's major economic, political and military powers. In 1580 it was united with Spain by a period called the Iberian Union; however, in 1640 it went on to re-establish total sovereignty and independence during the Portuguese Restoration War that resulted in the establishment of a new dynasty and a return to the previous separation between the two crowns and empires.

The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, Spanish and French invasions, which preceded the loss of its largest territorial possession abroad, Brazil, resulted in both the disruption of political stability and potential economic growth as well as the reduction of Portugal's international status as a global power during the 19th century. After the overthrow of the monarchy in 1910, a republic was established that was then followed by a dictatorship. With the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution coup d'état in 1974, the ruling dictatorship was deposed in Lisbon and the country handed over its last overseas provinces (most prominently Angola and Mozambique in Africa); the last overseas territory, Macau, was handed over to China in 1999.

Portugal is a developed country [5] and it has the world's 19th-highest quality-of-life, according to The Economist Intelligence Unit. It is the 14th-most peaceful and the 13th-most globalized country in the world. It is a member of the European Union (joined the then EEC in 1986, leaving the EFTA where it was a founding member in 1960) and the United Nations; as well as a founding member of the Latin Union, the Organization of Ibero-American States, OECD, NATO, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, the European Union's Eurozone, and also a Schengen state.

THE PORTUGUESE CONQUEST


At the time of the Portuguese arrival in the Asian seas, Malacca, thanks to its strategic position on the strait bearing the same name, was a remarkable trading center for the trade and shunting of spices. At that time, Malacca was ruled by a Muslim Sultanate.
The town extended its influence over a vast territory, which included the whole Malaya Peninsula.
Its port was frequented by a multitude of ships and merchants from all the Asian nations of the time: Arabia, Persia, China, India, Japan, Indonesia, Ceylon, and Bengal. In it were gathered and sold all the Asian spices: pepper, cloves, ginger, cinnamon, nutmeg, etc.

MALACCA
After their arrival in India, the Portuguese soon became aware of the importance of the city. An expedition sailed to Malacca in 1509 but failed, and many of the Portuguese were captured and imprisoned by the Sultan.
In 1511, the ViceRoy of India, Afonso de Albuquerque, decided to organize an expedition destined to conquer Malacca. At the head of 1.100 - 1.200 men and 14 ships, Afonso de Albuquerque arrived in view of Malacca in June of 1511 and immediately demanded the rescue of the Portuguese that were taken prisoners in the 1509 expedition. The Sultan tried to gain time to strengthen the town defenses. He was well aware of the small number of Portuguese troops and was confident on his powerful army of 20.000 men and 2.000 guns.

THE PORTUGUESE CONQUEST


At the time of the Portuguese arrival in the Asian seas, Malacca, thanks to its strategic position on the strait bearing the same name, was a remarkable trading center for the trade and shunting of spices. At that time, Malacca was ruled by a Muslim Sultanate.
The town extended its influence over a vast territory, which included the whole Malaya Peninsula.
Its port was frequented by a multitude of ships and merchants from all the Asian nations of the time: Arabia, Persia, China, India, Japan, Indonesia, Ceylon, and Bengal. In it were gathered and sold all the Asian spices: pepper, cloves, ginger, cinnamon, nutmeg, etc.

After their arrival in India, the Portuguese soon became aware of the importance of the city. An expedition sailed to Malacca in 1509 but failed, and many of the Portuguese were captured and imprisoned by the Sultan.
In 1511, the ViceRoy of India, Afonso de Albuquerque, decided to organize an expedition destined to conquer Malacca. At the head of 1.100 - 1.200 men and 14 ships, Afonso de Albuquerque arrived in view of Malacca in June of 1511 and immediately demanded the rescue of the Portuguese that were taken prisoners in the 1509 expedition. The Sultan tried to gain time to strengthen the town defenses. He was well aware of the small number of Portuguese troops and was confident on his powerful army of 20.000 men and 2.000 guns.

In desperation, the Dutch commander offered to the Portuguese honourable terms of surrender. The brave (and dying) Portuguese commander accepted the generous terms. Dying two days later, he was buried by the Dutch with military honours in the church of São Domingo.
The city of Malacca was thus in Portuguese hands from 24 August 1511 till 14 January 1641

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